Shingles is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. After initial infection, the virus can remain dormant in nerve tissue for years before becoming active again.

It most commonly affects older adults, but younger people can also develop it, especially if their immune system is weakened by stress, illness, or medical conditions.

Early symptoms are often subtle, including burning, tingling, pain, or heightened skin sensitivity, and may appear before any rash is visible. These signs are sometimes mistaken for other issues, delaying diagnosis.

When the rash appears, it typically develops on one side of the body along a nerve pathway. Early treatment with antiviral medication—ideally within 72 hours—can help reduce severity and complications.

The condition highlights the importance of recognizing early warning signs and seeking prompt medical care. Vaccination and maintaining a healthy immune system can also reduce the risk of shingles and its long-term effects.